Hydrogenation of organic compounds

ABSTRACT

Novel hydrogenation catalysts are formed by impregnating a suitable support material with an aqueous solution of a salt of a transition metal; heat-treating the impregnated support at a temperature above 500*F. to form chemical complexes on the surface of the support and to drive off moisture and absorbed oxygen; activating the surface complex by contacting the impregnated support with a soluble organometallic compound wherein the metal constituent is selected from Groups I, II and III of the Periodic Chart of the Elements, and thereafter treating the activated support material in the presence of a gaseous stream containing hydrggen at a temperature of at least 300*F. to form a highly stable heterogeneous catalyst. The novel supported catalysts of the instant invention have been found to be highly active for the hydrogenation of organic compounds under extremely mild conditions.

United States Patent [1 1 Mertzweiller et al.

[ Dec. 17, 1974 HYDROGENATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS [73] Assignee: Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Linden, NJ.

[22] Filed: May 16, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 253,765

Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 880,933, Nov. 28, 1969, Pat. No. 3,711,423, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 674,098, Oct. 10, 1967, abandoned.

[52] [1.5. CI. 260/666 P, 252/431, 260/639, 260/667, 260/683.9

[51] Int. Cl. C07C 5/00 [58] Field of Search 260/666 P, 683.9

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,677,969 7/1972 Mertzweiller et al 252/430 3,677,970 7/1972 Mertzweiller et al 252/430 Mertzweiller et al. 260/667 Mertzweiller et a] 260/667 Primary ExaminerC. Davis Attorney, Agent, or Firm-A. D. Litt; J. Simon 5 7 ABSTRACT Novel hydrogenation catalysts are formed by impregnating a suitable support material with an aqueous solution of a salt of a transition metal; heat-treating the impregnated support at a temperature above 500F. to form chemical complexes on the surface of the support and to drive off moisture and absorbed oxygen; activating the surface complex by contacting the impregnated support with a soluble organometallic compound wherein the metal constituent is selected from Groups I, 11 and III of the Periodic Chart of the Elements, and thereafter treating the activated support material in the presence of a gaseous stream containing hydrggen at a temperature of at least 300F. to form a highly stable heterogeneous catalyst. The novel supported catalysts of the instant invention have been found to be highly active for the hydrogenation of organic compounds under extremely mild conditions.

16 Claims, No Drawings I-IYDROGENATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 880,933, filed Nov. 28, 1969, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,71 1,423, which application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 674,098, filed Oct. 10, 1967, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a new and useful process for the preparationof high activity catalysts suitable for reactions between hydrogen and hydrocarbons and particularly for the hydrogenation, or hydrogen addition, to organic compounds containing nitrile groups, carbonyl groups, aromatic, acetylenic or olefinic linkages. It is also concerned with the novel catalysts so produced, as well as the processes for using these catalysts.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Various heavy metals, especially transition metals, have been previously described as useful for conducting catalytic reactions. Hydrogenation catalysts have included solid metals, slurries of metals, and metals dispersed on supports. Solid metal catalyst had been prepared by contacting oxides of the desired metal with reducing gases, e.g., carbon monoxide, or hydrogen, or both. Slurries suitable as catalyst have been prepared by contacting anhydrous solutions of organometallic compounds of the desired metal with organoaluminum compounds, these being brought together to form slurried catalysts. Metals have been provided on supports by impregnation of support with anhydrous solutions of the salts of the desired metal, this being formed by reduction of the salts to produce deposition of metallic metal.

In Canadian Pat. No. 697,780, which issued Nov. 10, 1964, methods are described for improving the activity of cobalt and for converting certain inactive metals, i.e., manganese and molybdenum, into active hydrogenation catalysts. In typical reactions, slurried catalytic mixtures are produced by forming anhydrous solutions of soaps of the desired metal, and the desired organometallic reducing agent, and then contacting the two solutions together to form catalytic reaction mixtures. In accordance with one of the methods, a support is impregnated by contact with anhydrous or nonaqueous solution of a soap of the desired metal, and with an organometallic reducing agent, such as organoaluminum compound, to produce a loosely supported reaction product mixture of dispersed metals. In other techniques, supports are impregnated with soaps of the desired metal, and the support then contacted with a solution of the organometallic reducing agent to produce supported catalytic mixtures.

While these catalysts are moderately active hydrogenation catalysts, there are nonetheless a number of disadvantages associated with their use. For one thing, the materials, in all the phases of their use are highly pyrophoric and the slurries must be formed in an oxygenfree atmosphere. Also, the catalyst materials formed are highly pyrophoric. Thus, the catalytic product of the reaction is an insoluble pyrophoric solid which is highly reactive whether in slurry or supported form. Moreover, the material used in forming the catalysts are quite expensive, to say nothing of the cost involved, due to the extra precautions which must be taken in handling the materials. Furthermore, the organic sol vents which are used are highly flammable.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,415,759 there is disclosed a method for prepar'ing'a hydrogenation catalyst by depositing cobalt carboxylate on a diatomaceous earth support and heating the supported cobalt carboxylate at a temperature between about and C. and thereafter reacting the thus heat-treated product with an aluminum alkyl. However, when temperatures materially above about 160C. are employed to dry the catalysts, the catalyst becomes progressively deactivated, particularly insofar as the hydrogenation of high molecular weight compounds are concerned.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It has now been discovered that novel hydrogenation catalysts exhibiting unusually high activity and stability may be prepared by impregnating a suitable support material, as hereinafter defined, with an aqueous solution of a salt of a transition metal; heat-treating the impregnated support at a temperature of at least about 500F. to form chemical conplexes on the surface of the support and to drive off moisture and absorbed oxygen; activating the surface complex by contacting the impregnated supports with a soluble organometallic compound wherein the metal constituent is selected from Groups I, II and III of the Periodic Chart of the Elements, and thereafter treating the activated support material in the presence of a gaseous stream containing hydrogen at a temperature of at least 300F. The present invention is based on the discovery that a highly tenaceous chemical bonding can be formed between the surface of certain types of supports and the transition metals and the metallic constituent of the soluble organometallic compound when the metals are applied to the supports under the sequence and critically defined conditions of the instant invention. In the sequence of process steps, a supporting material having a surface area of at least 5 square meters per gram and containing at least 0.1 millimoles of hydroxyl groups per gram of support is first impregnated with a watersoluble species of a transition metal, preferably a Group IB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB or Group VIII metal. Water has been found particularly suitable for the application of the Group IB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB or Group VIII metals to the support by contacting or immersing the support in an aqueous solution of a salt of the desired metal. Suitably, the support is impregnated with from about 0.1 to about 20 percent metal, and preferably from about 2 to about 10 percent metal, based on the total weight of the deposited metal and support.

The impregnated support is then preconditioned by heating the impregnated support at a temperature of at least about 500F. in order to drive off moisture and absorbed oxygen from the catalyst surface. The preconditioned catalyst is then activated by contacting the impregnated supports with a soluble organometallic compound wherein the metallic constituent is selected from Groups I, II and III of the Periodic Chart of the Elements and wherein the metallic constituent has an atomic number of from 3 to 50. Preferably, the organic constituents of the organometallic compound are alkyl groups, particularly linear alkyl groups having from 1 to about 12 carbon; atoms. Only the organometallic compounds of Groups I, II and III which are soluble in hydrocarbons or soluble in, or complex with ethers are suitable for the method of this invention. These are the organometallic species which are characterized by predominantly covalent bonding between the metal and the alkyl and/or hydride groups. The preferred metallic constituent of the organometallic compound is aluminum.

Thereafter, the activated supported material is treated by heating the activated supported material at a temperature of at least 300F. in the presence of a gaseous stream containing hydrogen. Preferably, the activated supported material is treated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature above 800F. and more preferably at a temperature in the range of from about 800 to about 1,200F. for a period of time in the range of from about 1 to about 100 hours. Surprisingly, it has been found that under these high severity conditions, i.e., treating the activated supported catalyst at a temperature above 800 and up to about 1,200F. in the presence of hydrogen, the activity of these catalysts is not significantly decreased and, in fact, generally increases as the treating severity is increased.

While the exact nature of the mechanism is not known and, though the applicants do not wish to be bound by a specific theory on mechanism, there are certain things which are known to occur in the formation of these catalysts. When a suitable support has material. Consequently, this interaction or chemical bonding between the support and the transition metal is believed to be responsible for the difficulty in reducing such a supported catalyst to metallic iron by 5 treatment with hydrogen. For example, under conditions of 1 atmosphere hydrogen pressure at a temperature of about 1,000F., virtually all the iron is reduced to the +2 valence state, i.e., an inactive catalyst while little or no metallic iron is formed.

' However, when the heat-treated impregnated support is treated with an excess organometallic compound, for example, triethylaluminum, it is believed that the bond between the iron and the support is reduced by the organometallic compound with the organometallic, i.e., metal alkyl fragment being bonded to the support and replacing the reduced iron. Consequently, when the activated supported catalyst is then treated in the presence of hydrogen under increasingly severe conditions, two reactions are believed to occur:

ments resulting in bonding between the alkyl metal and the transition metal. The above-described reactions can be visualized as follows:

O 0.. Suppol't-OMO-l-Q,R Supp0rt-O-QR,.-r+M\ +11.

M +211; lVl +2H2O (nascent) 4 l[ heat SupportOQRn-1 -v Support0Q\ +110 (5) a. II II heat Supp0rtOQ Support-O-Q +1/2lI (6) H II been impregnated with a transition metal and heattreated at a temperature of at least 500F., there is believed to exist a chemical bonding between the surface of the support and the species of the transition metal. This interaction is believed to occur between the acid sites on the support surface and the transition metal salt. Evidence of such interaction is obtained when, for example, iron is employed as the transition metal and is impregnated on a suitable support and heat-treated at a temperature of 500F. in accordance with the practice of the instant invention, and examined by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Such an examination reveals that essentially all i.e., 99+ percent of the iron is in the three valence state and the Mossbauer pattern corresponds to no known oxide of iron nor to the iron salt employed imgegnating the suitable supporting wherein M-X represents the transition metal salt impregnated upon a suitable support, as hereinafter defined, by aqueous solution; M thus representing the transition metal; where Q represents a Group I, II or III metal and R represents hydride or the organic constituent of the organometallic compound and wherein n is equal to the valence state of Q.

The free radical R 0 resulting from equation (2) these catalysts are treated with an organo-metallic compound, i.e., triethyl aluminum is predominantly ethane but containing appreciable amounts of ethylene and n-butane. Evidence for reactions (4) and (5) has been obtained by treating typical gamma alumina supports with triethyl aluminum (no transition metal present) and analyzing the gases liberated when the treated alumina is heated at temperatures of 4001,200F. Re-

action (6) represents bonding between a radical resulting from thermal decomposition of the Q metal hydride and an electron (probably a d-electron) supplied by the transition metal in a reduced valence state.

While the exact nature of this bonding is unknown, it is believed that the product of reaction (6) which is believed to be a close approximation to the active sites of these catalysts, is a stable bond which accounts for the increased activity and inhibition of crystallite growth on the surface of the catalyst when the catalysts are subjected to high temperatures in the presence of hydrogen. Closely related configurations such as:

and

can easily be formed from the product of reaction (5) to give the iron a +2 valence state which has been observed in several cases for these catalyst systems by Mossbauer and magnetic susceptibility. As disclosed above, a critical feature of the instant invention is the conditions under which the activated supported catalyst is treated with a gaseous stream containing hydrogen. In terms of the mechanism disclosed above, this fixation treatment is believed to favor the completion of reactions (3), (4), (5) and (6). In this manner catalysts several orders of magnitude more active and more stable than those described in prior art processes are obtained.

Thus, it is believed that the applicants have discovered a new route to a valuable and novel heterogeneous catalyst which is believed to involve chemical bonding between the support, transition metal and metallic constituent of the organometallic reducing agent which allows for a highly active catalyst which is stable under high severity conditions.

The selection of a suitable support material upon which the transition metal is impregnated is an essential feature of the instant invention. Suitable supports are those having a reasonable surface area and a sufficient concentration of hydroxyl groups on the surface, which hydroxyl groups are capable of reacting with an organometallic compound, i.e., QR or QR,,X,,, where Q represents a Group l, ll or III metal, R represents hydride or an organic constituent, e.g. an alkyl group of the organometallic compound, and wherein X equals a halogen, in order to eliminate the RH species and attach the QR,,., species to support surface through the oxygen atom of the original hydroxyl group. Properties and suitability of supports can be characterized in terms of surface area and their hydroxyl content measured by reaction with an organometallic i.e., QR,, compound in the absence of a transition metal.

Those supports most suited to the instant invention include the oxides of Groups ll, ill and IV of the Periodic Chart of the Elements which can be prepared with surface areas in excess of 5 square meters per gram and wherein the hydroxyl content of the support is at least 0.1 millimoles of hydroxyl groups per gram of support. The oxides of Groups II, III and IV having a surface area in excess of 50 square meters per gram and containing a hydroxyl group content of at least 0.2 millimoles of hydroxyl groups per gram of support, determined by reaction of the support with the organometallic compound in the absence of the transition metal are preferred. Aluminum oxide having a surface area of above about square meters per gram and a hydroxyl content of at least 1 millimole per gram is the most preferred supporting material of the instant invention. Additional, nonlimiting examples of suitable supporting materials include magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, provided they have the necessary surface areas and reactive hydroxyl group content as described above. Any types of supports, while possessing the desired surface area, may or may not have the desired reactive hydroxyl group content. Nevertheless, some such supports, for example, activated carbon, can be enhanced in hydroxyl group content by treatment with air or an air-stream mixture at moderate temperatures, i.e., below about 1,000F. in order to form a suitable support for the catalyst of the instant invention. Other well-known supports, such as silica, have a sufficient surface area but may lack the necessary concentration of reactive hydroxyl groups and are not suitable. Silica-alumina supports, having the necessary hydroxyl group concentrations are effective supports and may also be employed in the practice of the invention.

The supported catalyst of the instant invention may be prepared by any means conventionally used for the preparation of a supported catalyst, e.g. by impregnating the support or by precipitation in the presence of the support or by coprecipitation with the supporting material. Water has been found to be particularly suitable for the application of the transition metal salt to the supporting materials. Preferably, the support is first impregnated with a water-soluble species of the transition metal salt by contacting or immersing the support in an aqueous solution of the salt of the desired metal. Preferably, the support is impregnated with from about 0.1 percent to about 30 percent equivalent transition metals; and preferably from about 1 percent to about 10 percent equivalent transition metal, based on the total weight of the deposited equivalent metal and support. The optimum concentration of transition metal on the support will depend on the nature of the transition metal and on the surface area and hydroxyl content of the support. For example, when a pure activated alumina having a surface area of about 200 square meters per gram and a hydroxyl content of about 1.2 millimoles per gram is employed as the supporting material, and when iron is employed as the transition metal, the optimum concentration of iron is about 0.6 millimoles of iron per gram support. With noble metals, for example much lower concentration in the range of 0.1 percent to 1 percent are employed. The optimum concentration for other transition metals which results in the highly active, stable catalysts of the instant invention are not known with exactitude because of the many and varied supports which can be employed herein. Nevertheless, it is believed that one skilled in the art can readily determine these concentrations in view of the fact that they are within the preferred concentration ranges as described above.

The use of water to effect the chemical bonding is particularly important in the impregnation of the supports with salts of the desired transition metal. Even iron has produced ann exceptionally active catalyst when applied to the support in the form of salts dissolved in aqueous solution. In fact, catalysts derived from aqueous solutions of iron salts have ever proved highly effective for the hydrogenation of aromatic nucleus and carbonyl groups of organic compound, i.e., aldehydes and ketones.

The transition metals which can be employed in the practice of the instant invention include the Groups 18, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB and Group VIII metals. Preferably, the transition metals which can be employed in the practice of the instant invention include iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, tungsten, chromiun, vanadium, molybdenum, rhenium, manganese, titanium, zirconium, palladium, rhodium, copper, silver and gold. The most preferred transition metals include iron, cobalt and nickel, platinum, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, rhenium and copper. Nonlimiting examples of salts which can be employed for the application of these metals to these supports include the halides, sulfates, nitrates, formates, acetates, propionates, molybdate, vanadates, chromates, dichromates, tungstates, manganates, titanates, zirconates, rhenates, perhenates and the like. Water soluble acids such as perrhenic acid may also be employed. These various transition metals described above may be used alone or in combination.

The impregnated suppport in powder or granular form, is then treated by establishing time-temperature relationships suitable to produce a chemical change on the surface of the support and remove water and absorbed oxygen. Suitably, the impregnated support can be heated in air, in an inert atmosphere or in vacuum, e.g. to 29 inches of vacuum at a temperature of at least about 500F. preferably 600 to l,500F. and more preferably from about 600 to about 1,000F. It is a critical feature, in order to form the more highly active and stable catalyst of the instant invention, to heat the impregnated support at a temperature above 500F. for a period of time in the range of about 0.5 to about 4 hours and preferably from about 1 to 2 hours. While the heat-treatment may be performed in air or an oxygen atmosphere, it must then be followed by a period in an inert atmosphere in order to remove the adsorbed oxygen. In addition to the removal of oxygen and moisture, other important reactions occur during this heattreatment, as described above, in order to render the transition metal in a form more amenable to the subsequent reaction with the organometallic compounds.

In an alternative embodiment, the impregnation and heat-treating steps can be conducted in multiple stages. For example, the support can be impregnated and then dried or partially dried, at low temperature. The support can then be reimpregnated and again dried or partially dried. The heat treatment per se may be conducted in multiple stages, if desired. The impregnated support, to facilitate handling, can thus be subjected to a first rather mild heat treatment to dry the support and then, in a second step, to a more severe treatment to produce the desired chemical change at the surface of this support. Supported catalysts, such as are supplied by the commercial catalyst manufacturers, e.g. iron, cobalt and/or nickel, alone or in combination with other metals such asmolybdenum, tungsten, or the like are also amenable to such treatments to transform them to highly active catalysts.

The then impregnated, heat-treated support is activated by treatment with an organometallic compound, suitably a hydrocarbon solution of an organometallic compound, or a hydrocarbon soluble organometallic compound, a metallic constituent of which is selected from Groups I, II and III of the Periodic Chart of the Elements as in Fisher Scientific Company Copyright 1952. Preferably, the organometallic compounds include those having the formula: QR,, wherein Q is equal to the metallic constituent and is selected from Groups IA, II and [HA having an atomic number of from 3 to 50, n is the valence state ofQ and wherein R is hydride or an organic constituent selected from the group consisting of same or different, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl or cycloalkyl groups containing up to about 20 carbon atoms. Representative, nonlimiting examples of the organic constituents, i.e., R include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, n-amyl, isoamyl, heptyl, n-octyl, n-dodecyl and the like; 2-butyl, 2- methyl-2-butyl, and the like; cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexyl-propyl and the like; 2phenylethyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 2-naphthylethyl, methylnaphthylethyl and the like; cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2,2,]- bicycloheptyl and the like; methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, ethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, 5-cyclopentadienyl and the like; phenylcyclopentyl, and the like, phenyl, tolyl, ethylphenyl, xylenyl, naphthyl, cyclohexylphenyl and the like. The more preferred metallic constituent of the organic metallic compound, i.e., Q is selected from the group consisting of lithium, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, boron aluminum, gallium and indium. In addition, organometallic compounds having the formula QR,,X,,, may be employed as the organometallic compound of the instant invention where Q and R are identical to the Q and R having been previously described, X is a halogen, and n and m are integers ranging from 1 to 3, the summation equal to the va lence of Q.

The most preferred organometallic activating agents are the tri-alkyl substituted products of aluminum and the dialkyl halides of aluminum, particularly those containing alkyl groups having from one to about 6 carbon atoms, especially the linear alkyl groups. Exemplary of such compounds, which contain up to about 18 carbon atoms in the molecule, are trimethyl aluminum, triethyl aluminum, tri-n-butyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, diethyl aluminum hydride, diethyl aluminum chloride, diethyl aluminum fluoride and the like. Certain volatile or hydrocarbon-soluble hydrides, for example, the various known hydrides of boron, are also suitable activating agents as well as are the Grignard reagents.

The treatment of the supported, heat-treated catalyst with the organometallic compound can be carried out with pure or diluted metal alkyl compounds in the liquid or vapor phase. Hydrocarbon diluents of the paraffmic, cyclo-paraffinic or aromatic types are entirely suitable. The metal alkyl compound may be present in concentrations of 5 percent to percent in the diluent. A solution of about 20 percent aluminum triethyl in a paraffinic diluent is a preferred activation system. The activation reaction is quite exothermic and it may be desirable to remove the heat of activation. The temperature during the activation step, which is maintained in the range of from about F. to about 500F., preferably from about 100F. to about 200F. Considerable gas liberation occurs during activation and these gases are normally vented from the system. The activation is allowed to proceed until reaction is no longer observed, generally 0.5 hrs. to 2 hrs. in contact with at least some excess of metal alkyl compound.

The treatment of the activated support material in order to obtain the most active and stable catalysts referred to above as the fixation step is a critical feature of the instant invention. After the supported catalyst has been activated with the organometallic reducing agent, it is essential that the supported catalyst be treated in the presence of a gaseous stream containing hydrogen at a temperature of at least 300F. in order to form the highly active, stable, novel heterogeneous catalyst of the instant invention. Preferably, the supported activated catalyst is treated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature in the range of from about 300F. to about 1,200F., more preferably from about 400F. to about 1,200F. and still more preferably between about 800F. and 1,200F. It is essential that this fixation treatment be conducted in the presence of a gaseous stream containing hydrogen. This fixation treatment can be carried out in the presence of inert gases such as nitrogen, helium, argon, and the like in view of the fact that hydrogen is formed in situ" when these inert gases are employed. Necessarily, however, the fixation in the presence of such inert gases as nitrogen, helium, and argon will result in catalysts of lower activity than when the fixation step of the activated support catalyst is conducted totally in the presence of a hydrogen gas.

Although nitrogen is normally considered an inert gas, there is evidence that it may not be truly inert when present in the fixation of these catalyst systems. There is some evidence that gaseous nitrogen may react with the transition metal species at elevated temperatures. Such reaction which may form nitrides of the metals are obviously undesirable. Therefore, it is preferred that the fixation step be conducted at the above critical temperature in the presence of a gaseous stream containing or resulting in the formation in the reaction zone of from about 5 to 100 percent hydrogen and more preferably from about 75 to about 100 percent hydrogen. Most preferably, the fixation under the above-described critical temperature conditions is conducted totally in the presence of a hydrogen atmosphere. As described above, it is believed that the function of hydrogen during the fixation step when the supported activated catalyst is treated under the critical temperature limitation described above, is to fix the catalyst in a stable heterogeneous form and to further reduce the. transition metal compound to a valance state to which it can more readily and completely react the metallic portionof the organometallic compound.

The fixation of the supported activated catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen gas under the above-described critical conditions is usually conducted over a period of time varying between about 1 to about 100 hours, generally less time being required at higher temperatures. As described above, it is quite surprising that under optimum conditions as described above, it can be shown that the activity of the catalysts of the instant invention increases as the length of time in which the supported activated catalyst is being treated in the presence of hydrogen at high temperatures, e.g. 800l,200F. increases. This, again, is believed to be due to the fact that the instant invention results in completion of a series of reactions leading to a chemical bonding between the surface of the support and the transition metal and metal constituent of the organometallic compound such that these metals are not free to migrate on the surface of the catalyst and grow large crystallites. The formation of large crystallites in conventional supported catalyst is generally accepted as an important mode of catalyst deactivation. Thus, the catalysts of the instant invention are highly active at extremely mild hydrogenation conditions as well as exhibiting unusual stability at high severity conditions.

The fixation in the presence of hydrogen under the above-described temperature condition can also be influenced by the hydrogen pressure at which such a treatment is conducted. Generally, atmospheric or near atmospheric pressure, from about 0.5 to about 1.5 atmospheres is employed. However, the hydrogen partial pressure may be increased in the reaction zone up to atmospheres or greater. The hydrogen partial pressure will generally decrease the time-temperature requirements for forming the chemical bonding between the supports at a transition metal and metallic portion of the organometallic compounds.

The so-treated catalysts are then ready for contact with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases, a suitable reaction system for producing hydrogenation (or dehydrogenation) reactions. Olefins, whether singular or multiple linkage compounds, aliphatic or cyclic, and containing 2 to about 50 carbon atoms have been readily hydrogenated to paraffins, and aromatic compounds containing from 6 to about 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably from about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms have been saturated to produce the corresponding cycloalkane. Acetylenic compounds, whether singular or multiple linkage, aliphatic orcyclic in containing from about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms can also be hydrogenated by the catalyst of the instant invention. In fact, catalyst formed by the impregnation of the supports with aqueous salts of cobalt, and iron have proven highly satisfactory despite the normally low activity attributed to cobalt and the even lower activity attributed to iron for producing hydrogenation reactions.

The catalysts can be utilized as slurries or as fixed beds, movable beds and fluidized beds, in liquid phase or vapor phase, in batch, continuous or staged operations. Hydrogenation reactions can be carried out at remarkably low temperatures and pressures as contrasted with the more conventional catalysts, whether the reaction is conducted in liquid phase or vapor phase. Hydrogenation reactions are generally conducted at temperatures ranging from about 0F. to about 1,()0OF., and preferably at temperatures ranging from about 100F. to about 500F. The reactions can be conducted at lower than atmospheric pressures or greater than atmospheric pressures but generally pressures ranging from as low as about 1 atmosphere to about 500 atmospheres can be employed. Preferably, however, pressures ranging from about 1 atmosphere to about 50 atmospheres are employed in conducting the reactions.

These catalysts are suitable for carrying out hydrogenation reactions in systems designed to handle high heats of reaction and severe contacting problems, without substantial deterioration and separation of catalyst from the support. This is due in large part to the high stability and activity of these catalysts, by virtue of which hydrogenation reactions can be conducted at very low hydrogen partial pressures ranging as low as from about 1 to about 200 atmospheres.

When it is desired to carry hydrogenation reactions essentially to completion, an excess of hydrogen over the stoichiometric requirement is used. This excess may vary from a few percent to several hundred or even several thousand percent. In the latter cases, the excess hydrogen is separated and recycled to the system. When it is desired to carry out partial hydrogenations, the reaction can be controlled on the basis of hydrogen concentration, e.g. mol ratio of H to feed, or reaction kinetics, e.g. using an excess of hydrogen and controlling reaction by time, temperature, H partial pressure and the like.

The activity of the catalyst is virtually unimpaired even after long periods of use. However, there is some interference by some types of sulfur compounds and the normal high activity of the catalyst can be impeded very gradually. Thus, although these catalysts normally have good resistance to sulfur-types and concentrations normally present in petroleum oil stocks, there is evidence that certain sulfur compounds, e.g. mercaptans, tend to be adsorbed on the catalyst and may thereby cause some loss of activity. In addition, impurities such as water, other oxygen-containing compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds may also exert a deactivating effect on the catalysts. Even this effect, however, can be curtailed or eliminated by operating by catalysts at temperatures and pressures at which adsorption of the impurities is not favored. The conditions necessary to achieve this effect will vary with different feedstocks and different impurities.

It has been unexpectedly discovered that the catalyst deactivation is reversible such that the deactivated catalyst can be restored to substantially its original activity, by treatment at elevated temperatures, preferably in the presence of a stripping gas. Examples of suitable stripping gases include hydrogen, nitrogen, methane and the like. Hydrogen is preferred, and is desirably used at temperatures ranging between about 400 and 1,000F. However, broad temperature ranges which are operable in the subject process vary from about 200 to 1,200F. The stripping gases should be substantially free of the impurities that are to be removed from the catalyst, and hence are preliminarily purified such as by drying, caustic scrubbing and drying, contacting with suitable adsorbents and the like. The amount of stripping gas that may be used in the process varies, dependent in part on the degree of deactivation of the catalyst, the level of catalytic activity desired to be obtained and the nature of the stripping gas. In general space velocities ranging between about and 25,000 volumes of gas per volume of catalyst per hour (V/V/Hr), preferably 500 to about 1,000 V/V/Hr may be used. The stripping gas may be used on a oncethrough basis or may be recycled for further use. The reactivation process is desirably conducted in the absence of solvent. In addition, the reactivation process may be aided by conducting same in vacuo. The reactivation is carried out for a time sufficient to achieve the desired level of reactivation and generally for a time ranging between about 1 and 24 hours or more. The catalysts are amenable to substantially complete regeneration by (1) oxidizing with air to remove carbonaceous residues, and (2) reactivation with aluminum alkyl compound.

These and other features of the invention will be understood by reference to the following illustrative ex- 4 amples.

EXAMPLE 1 These examples (1A through lF, Table 1) illustrate the critical properties of the catalyst supports required for this invention. The measurements were made by subjecting the pure, thoroughly dried and deoxygenated supports (no transition metals present) to reaction with aluminum triethyl (in excess). Total gas liberated was metered, collected and analyzed. The total ethane produced is a direct measure of the hydroxyl group content of the support (1. Catalysis 7, 362 (1967)).

The supports, after treatment with excess aluminum triethyl, were heated in nitrogen or hydrogen at 400F., then cooled and hydrolyzed with excess water. Gases were metered, collected and analyzed. These gases are a quantitative measure of the functional groups associated with the aluminum triethyl fragment (theoretically A1Et now strongly bound to the support. The tendency to form such groups as hydride particularly is a measure of the efficiency with which the supports func tion to give the catalysts of this invention.

TABLE I Hydroxyl Groups, Millimols Hydride Groups Fixation Conditions after Fixation Example Catalyst Support Per Gram Per sq.Meter Atmosphere Temp., F. Millimols/gm.

A Alumina F-l 1.68 0.0060 Nitrogen 400 0.12 B Alumina (Alcoholate) 1.30 0.0064 Nitrogen 400 0.15 C Alumina (Alcoholate) 1.28 0.0063 Hydrogen 400 0.14 D Silica (Gr. O-8) 0.06 0.00010 Nitrogen 400 0.004 E Titania Gel 0.24 0.0022 Nitrogen 400 0.19 F Activated Carbon 0.11 0.00008 Nitrogen 400 0.12

It is seen from the results given in Table I that both types of activated alumina and titania gel are the best supports. Silica is not a useful support because of its very low hydroxyl content and virtually no tendency to form hydrides. Activated carbon is not a very good support because of itsvery low hydroxyl content although hydride groups are formed very readily at these hydroxyl sites. However, it will be shown that the performance of activated carbon as a support for the catalysts of this invention can be enhanced by surface oxidation of the carbon.

EXAMPLE 2 One hundred grams of aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 34 grams FeCl .6H O in 66 grams of water. One hundred grams F-l alumina (8-14 mesh) was added to the solution and allowed to stand with occasional mixing for about 30 minutes. A small quantity of liquid was poured off and the catalyst freed of excess liquid by placing on absorbent paper towels. The catalyst was dried for 3 hours in a vacuum oven at 500F. The recovered catalyst weighed 107.4 grams, and analyzed 5.3 percent iron (calculated as Fe).

A heated quartz reaction tube was charged with 25.7 grams of the above catalyst and a preheat area above the catalyst bed was filled with stainless steel distillation packing. The catalyst was preconditioned in a stream of dry nitrogen at a temperature of 500550F. for 1 hour and was then cooled in nitrogen to room temperature. The reactor was flooded from the bottom with a 20 percent solution of aluminum triethyl. Considerable gas was evolved and the maximum temperature reached 200F. After 1.33 hours, the solution was withdrawn. A rapid flow of nitrogen was introduced and the temperature was increased to 350F. Fixation was continued for about 30 minutes.

The temperature in the catalyst bed was adjusted to 250F. and a 20 percent solution of benzene in cyclohexane was fed at a rate of about 1 l cc/hour and hydrogen gas at 60 cc/minute. The pressure in the reaction zone was essentially one atmosphere. Samples analyzed after one hour and two hours on conditions showed no detectable benzene by vapor chromatography, all the benzene having been hydrogenated to cyclohexane.

EXAMPLE 3 A catalyst prepared and activated in a manner essentially identical to that described in Example 2 was used to hydrogenate a feed consisting of 25 percent 1- hexyne in n-heptane at atmospheric pressure in the vapor phase. The catalyst temperature was maintained at 230240F., the liquid fed at 1 l cc/hour, and hydrogen gas at 60 cc/minute. The l-hexyne was hydrogenated completely to n-hexane as shown by vapor chromatography and confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 4 One hundred fifty grams of F-l activated alumina (8-14 mesh) was treated with 140 grams of an aqueous solution of 36 percent CoCl .6l-l O. After drying in vacuum for about hours at 400450F., 162.3 grams of intense blue catalyst was obtained. The catalyst contained 5.3 percent cobalt, calculated as metal.

Twenty-five grams of the above catalyst was charged to a quartz tube and preconditioned at 700-785F. in dry nitrogen for approximately 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature in a stream of dry nitrogen, the tube was flooded with a 20 percent solution of aluminum triethyl in n-heptane. The maximum temperature in the catalyst bed reached 160F. After about 1 hour, the liquid was withdrawn and the catalyst was fixed in a flow of dry nitrogen at 375400F. for 1 hour. A 20 percent solution of benzene in cyclohexane was fed at a rate of l l cc/hour along with 60 cc/minute of hydrogen. At a temperature of 2 l 6-250F. in the catalyst bed, the benzene was completely hydrogenated to cyclohexane.

EXAMPLE 5 Reagent grade magnesium oxide grams) was mixed with 83 grams of a 40 percent aqueous solution of CoCl .6l-l O to give a thick paste. The paste was spread on a glass plate and dried in a vacuum oven at 250260F. for 3 days. The hard particles were crushed in a mortar and 10-20 mesh particles were screened out. These lO-20 mesh particles were dried for 3 hours at 425450F. in the vacuum oven and were light blue in color and contained about 14 percent cobalt calculated as metal.

The quartz reaction tube was charged with l7.3 grams of the above catalyst which was then preconditioned in a stream of dry nitrogen at 660F. for about 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the tube was flooded with 20 percent aluminum triethyl in n'heptane. There was very little heat evolved and the liquid was withdrawn after 30 minutes. The catalyst was fixed in dry nitrogen at 350365F.

A 20 percent solution of benzene in cyclohexane was fed at a rate of 1 1 cc/hour and hydrogen at a rate of cc/minute. At a catalyst temperature of 240F., hydrogenation of the benzene was better than 99 percent complete.

EXAMPLE 6 One hundred grams of F-l alumina was treated with grams of cobalt octoate solution (6 percent cobalt dissolved in hydrocarbon vehicle) and the solid dried in the vacuum oven. A second impregnation was carried out in a similar manner and the vacuum dried solid amounted to 113.4 grams.

Twenty-five grams of the above catalyst was charged to the quartz reaction tube, preconditioned in N at 500F. for 2 hours, then activated with 20 percent aluminum triethyl as previously described and fixed in nitrogen at 400F. Only very slight hydrogenation of benzene was noted at atmospheric pressure and 240F. Compared to Example 4, this illustrates the advantage in catalyst activity by carrying out the original impregnation in an aqueous medium with water soluble salts of the transition metal.

EXAMPLE 7 The catalyst described in Example 4 was used to hydrogenate o-xylene (24 percent in n-heptane) at atmospheric pressure and 260270F. Hydrogenation was complete and two isomers of dimethyl cyclohexane were observed by vapor chromatography.

EXAMPLE 8 Catalysts were prepared and evaluated by the general procedure described in Example 4 with the results shown in Table II, Examples 8A through 8E. All the cobalt catalysts contained about 5 percent cobalt.

TABLE II Benzene Activation Max. Temp. Hydrogenation Example Catalyst Base Cobalt Salt Used N, Precond. AlEt Treat at l Atm., 250F.

8A F-l Alumina None 790 153 Not Active 88 F-l Alumina CoSO,.7H O 520 M l00% 8C Activated Carbon CoCl,.6H,O 520 l2l 77% (Columbia Carbon) 8D Silica Alumina CoCl,.6H O 500 I30 77% Cracking Catalyst 8E F-l Alumina Co Acetate.4H,O 500 l50 100% EXAMPLE 9 nated at atmospheric pressure, 300-400F., 6O cc/minute hydrogen rate. Typical results obtained during an A catalyst consisting of cobalt on F-l alumina was prepared from aqueous cobaltous acetate according to the procedure of Example 4 and contained 5.3 percent 80-hour run were:

cobalt (calculated as metal) after drying in the vacuum Aldehyde n-C. n'C isoC oven.

. CtltA.H. The quartz tube reactor was charged with 26.1 grams i gai i ft 14 8 46 of the above catalyst which was preconditioned at 0.l4 o

o 1 Temperature, F. Max. 308 309 400 600 F. in nitrogen for l-/2 hours, then activated with Conversion 993 99.1 aluminum triethyl and fixed in hydrogen at 400F. lg k y 95 4 97 6 96 S 0 CO 0 A 20 percent solution of n-butyraldehyde 1n n- To Heavier Products 46 2.4 heptane was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure with the following results (expressed on solvent-free basis EXAMPLE 11 30 Fifty grams of activated nickel catalyst prepared as catalyst ProdumAnalySisflc described in Example lO was charged to a one-liter stirred autoclave along with 240 ml. n-octane and 60 Period Temp., F. n-C, Ald. n-C, Alc. Hvy. Prod.

cc. 2-ethyl-hexaldehyde. Five consecutive hydrogenal 298 0.5 91.9 7.6 tion runs were made using the same charge of catalyst 2 300 5 and the same volume of feed. Hydrogenation condi- 3 325 1.9 89.3 8.8

trons and results of these five runs are shown below:

Selectivity Hydrogenation Conditions to Example Aldehyde Temp, F. Press.Psig Hrs. 2-Et. Hexanol 11A 20 275 500 3.5 88 [1B 20 294 500 3.0 92 11C 20 340 500 1.2 97 HD 20 330 200 3.0 96 llE 330 500 4.5 94

Time until H no longer absorbed.

EXAMPLE l0 EXAMPLE 12 A catalyst was prepared by impregnating 100 grams of F-l alumina with a solution prepared by dissolving 36 grams nickel acetate.4H O in 156 grams water. After drying in vacuum, the catalyst was impregnated a second time with the residual solution. After drying at 350400F. in vacuum, 1 16.3 grams catalyst was recovered which analyzed 3.4 percent nickel (calculated as metal).

The quartz reaction tube was charged with 25.1 grams of the nickel catalyst which was preconditioned in nitrogen at 600F. (l hour), then activated with 20 percent aluminum triethyl (max. temperature l25F.) and fixed at 400F. with dry nitrogen.

A 20 percent solution of C aldehydes was hydrogefor 12 hours before charging to the tube. After cooling in dry nitrogen, the catalyst bed was flooded with 20 percent aluminum triethyl. Maximum temperature reached was 160F. After 40 minutes, the solution was withdrawn and the catalyst fixed at 500F. in a stream of dry hydrogen for 15 minutes. After cooling, the catalyst was charged with 290 ml. n-octane and 60 ml. benzene to a oneliter stirred autoclave. At a temperature of 225230F. and a pressure of 200 psig, and benzene Time to Corn was completely-hydrogenated in 1 hour. plete Hydro- About 80 ml. of the above product was left in the re- Example supp genation' actor and a fresh charge of 160 ml. octane and 60 ml. 15A F4 Alumina (Alcoa) 103 benzene was added. This charge was hydrogenated at 5 15B F40 (Alcoa) 165170F. and apressure of 200 psigand hydrogena- Eli, (Alcoa) 213 tion was complete in about 1.5 hours. Selectivity to Cy- 15E Alcoholate Alumina 1.25 e e x wass n a f o Percent 135 x ctiliiafirtiffhll'lfilr h Coke) 2195 For comparison purposes, a hydrogen reduced platinum (0.5 percent Pt) on alumina catalystused forcom- The F-]() alumina and the alcoholate alumina were mercial scale hydrogenation of benzene wa tested the purest alumina bases used and these gave the highunder conditions identical to the second hydrogenation t l ti tivit Al i ntaining 2-6 percent run described above. Complete hydrogenation of bensilica (H-l and 471A) gave less active catalysts. The zene required 2.0 hours. *Celite" is largely silica and is not a useful catalyst supa 15 port. The low order of activity is probably due to for- EXAMPLE l3 mation of some cobalt metal rather than to the catalyst complexes of this invention. A nickel molybdena-alumina commercial hydrotreating catalyst 10-20 mesh particle size and containing EXAMPLE 16 P Nio, 14-16 P 3 was activated 20 Catalysts containing 5-6 percent Fe on F-l alumina with aluminum triethyl essentially asdescribed in EX- were prepared from ferric chloride.6H O, ferrous chloampl ride.4H O and ferric nitrate.9H O and dried in the vac- Fifty-three grams of the activated catalyst was uum oven. The catalysts were preconditioned at 800F. charged to the stirred autoclave along with 240 ml. nin dry nitrogen and then contacted with aluminum trioctane and 60 ml. benzene. Hydrogenation was carried ethyl at room temperature (maximum temperature out at 165170F. and'200 psig and the conversion of during activation was about 200F.). The catalysts were the benzene to cyclohexane was complete in 1 hour. treated in nitrogen at 400F. for fixation. Samples were taken after the 800F. N preconditioning and after the EXAMPLE 1 4 final 400F. N fixation for examination by Mossbauer spectrometry to determine the valence state of the lIOll, A catalyst g m pr p r rom CObaltOUS aCeand for correlation with catalytic activity. The results tate on E1 alumina and activated according to the proobtained were as follows:

Time, Hrs. Mossbauer Results, for a Benzene Preconditioned Fixed Hydrogenation Salt Used In Catalyst Catalyst 165F. 200 psig Example Preparation Fe Fe Fe" Fe 16A FeCl .6l-l O 100 0 i5 85 1.3 16B FeCl .4H O 100 0 1O 90 1.4 16C Fe(NO .9H O 100 0 60 (l) (1) Catalyst not active at 165F., 200 psig, but benzene hydrogenation was complete in 1.8 hours at 300F.. 400 psig. The catalysts prepared from chloride had high activity and high concentrations of Fe in the final activated (fixed) state while the catalyst prepared from nitrate had a much lower order ofactivity and a much lower concentration cedure of Example 4, was charged to the stirred autoclave along with 240 ml. paraffinic diluent and 60 ml. trans,trans,cisl ,5,9-cyclododecatriene. The hydrogenation conditions were 1651709F. and 200 psig. Hydrogenation to cyclododecane was 96% complete in 1 hour and complete in 1.33 hours.

EXAMPLE 15 1. Catalyst not active at F., 200 psig, but benzene hydrogenation was complete in 1.8 hours at 300F., 400 psig. The catalysts prepared from chloride had high activity and high concentrations of Fe in the final activated (fixed) state while the catalyst prepared from nitrate had a much lower order of activity and a much lower concentration of Fe. No metallic iron was detectable.

EXAMPLE 17 Zinc oxide (442 grams) was mixed with a solution of 93.5 grams nickel acetate.4H O in 450 m1. warm water to give a thick paste. The mixture was dried in the vacuum oven giving chunks of greenish-white solid. The solid was broken in a mortar and screened to 10-20 mesh size.

The 10-20 mesh catalyst was charged to a heated quartz tube, preconditioned at 600F. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, then activated with aluminum triethyl and then fixed in nitrogen at 400F.

The above catalyst (55 grams) was mixed with 250 ml. iso-octane and 50 ml. benzene in a one-liter autoclave and the hydrogenation of the benzene was complete in 5.2 hours at 165F. and 200 psig.

EXAMPLE 18 These examples show that magnetic susceptibility measurements on typical catalysts of this invention confirm that the Group VIII nonnoble metals are present in the +2 valence state. All catalysts were prepared on F-l alumina base and, containing 4-6 percent equivalent metal, were activated in the liquid phase with triethyl aluminum percent solution), then fixed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 400F. The iron catalysts derived from FeCl and Fe(NO were the same catalysts 15 in which the Mossbauer measurements described in Example 16 were made.

Literature values are for these elements in octahedral configuration. For the iron catalysts, the values are in good agreement for predominantly an Fe configuration but containing a small amount of Fe contaminant (as shown by the Mossbauer data in Example 16). Only in the case of the catalyst derived from Fe(NO was a minute trace (about 85 ppm) of metallic iron detected.

The nickel and cobalt catalysts (Ni and Co salts used in preparation) are in fairly good agreement but slightly lower in magnetic moment than the literature values. It is well known that distorted configurations such as would exist on a support surface will lower the magnetic moment.

EXAMPLE 19 A catalyst containing 6.5 weight percent iron was 5 prepared by impregnating an alcoholate type alumina with aqueous iron nitrate. In the following table the benzene hydrogenation activity of this catalyst, activated in accordance with this invention (precondi- The catalyst activated by hydrogen alone is essentially inactive for benzene hydrogenation (at 212F., 600 psig). There are only slight differences in activity between the mildly fixed (400F.) and severely fixed (1,200F.) catalysts. The Mossbauer results (presence of alpha iron) indicate that this catalyst contained too high an iron concentration for maximum activity and complete stabilization.

EXAMPLE 20 A catalyst similar to that of Example 19 was prepared from iron nitrate on the same alumina base, except that the iron content was 3.2 wt. percent. This catalyst was activated according to the procedure used for Example 19B, activity for benzene hydrogenation was 0.04 mol/hr./gm. Fe at 212F. and 0.38 mol/hr./gm. Fe at 300F. The same charge of catalyst was placed back in the tube and heated in hydrogen for 16 hours at 1,200F. The hydrogenation activity tests were repeated. At 212F. the activity was 0.54 mol/hr./gm. Fe and at 300F. was 2.4 mol/hr./gm. Fe. At this more optimum iron concentration and more optimum Al/ Fe ratio, the stabilization of the iron by the aluminum is much more complete and the activity is enhanced on the order of tenfold or more.

EXAMPLE 21 Hydro enation Rate,

Mole Ratio mo /hr./gm. Fe Run Wt. Fe Fe/OH 212F. 300F.

A 6.4 1.01 1.94 B 3.2 0.49 2.60 C 1.6 0.24 1.1 1 D 0.8 0.12 0.17 1.18

The results are very striking in showing the critical tioned at 800F. in N and fixed as indicated), is comeffect of transition metal/hydroxyl group ratio in prepared with the activity of the same catalyst activated by severe hydrogen treating.

paring these catalysts. There is a fairly sharp maximum in catalytic activity occuring at an Fe/OH molar ratio of about 0.5. However, even at the greatly nonoptimum ratio of 0.12, the activity of catalyst is increased more than six-fold by increasing the temperature to 300F.

EXAMPLE 22 This example is to show the positive identification of Fe-Al linkages in high activity iron catalysts prepared according to this invention. Also, it is designed to show the amount of iron present in the active catalytic state. The method is based on hydrolysis of the activated, fixed catalysts with deuterium oxide, and that (l) hydride groups on Al or Fe will give HD on deuterolysis, and (2) -Al-Fe direct linkages will give D on deuterolysis. Thus the D make will be a direct measure of Al-Fe groups.

The two most active catalysts from Example 21 (6.4 percent Fe and 3.2 percent Fe preconditioned at 600F.) were used in these tests. All gases liberated during the treat with 20 percent AlEt during the hydrogen fixation and during the deuterolysis with excess D were metered, collected and analyzed. The deuterolysis gases were analyzed for HD, D and deuterated components of methane and ethane in addition to the usual components. Results of these exhaustive tests for the two iron catalysts were:

Example 22A 22B Catalyst, Wt. Fe 6.4 3.2 Total Deuteralysis Gas, mmol./gm. Cat 1.52 1.78 D Made, mmol./ Cat. 041 0.34 HD Made, mmol. gm. Cat. 0.34 039 D Mole on Fe 36 59 Hydrogenation Activity, mol./hr./

gm, Fe 1 94 2.60

The D concentration expressed as mol percent on Fe represents the percent of iron as the catalytically active species, that is, having an average of one iron to aluminum direct chemical bonds. The catalyst bonding the greater percent iron in this form is the same as the catalyst of Example 21 Run B.

' EXAMPLE 23 Preconditioning Absolute Hydrogenation Example Temp., F. Rate, Mol./Hr./Gm. Fe

These results show clearly that an inferior catalyst results at low pretreat temperatures. At the highest temperature, 900F., some crystallite growth may have occurred since the high stability characteristic of these catalysts is not realized prior to the alkyl treat and fixation in the presence of hydrogen.

EXAMPLE 24 A catalyst containing 6.5 percent Fe was prepared by impregnating silica gel (Davison Grade 0-8) with FeCl aqueous solution. The catalyst was preconditioned at 800F., treated with 20 percent AlEt solution, then fixed in hydrogen at 400F. Activity for benzene hydrogenation was not measurable at 212F. and was on the order of 0.002 mol./hr./gm. Fe at 300F. This silicabased catalyst is essentially inactive because any hydroxyl groups in the silica base undergo alkylation to give -Si-Et groups rather than the necessary -Si-O-AlEt groups.

EXAMPLE 25 This example is designed to show the importance of hydroxyl functionality on a support such as activated carbon. Colombia activated carbon Grade L (surface area 1,350 sq.in./gm.) was impregnated with an aqueous solution of ferric chloride to give 6.0 wt. percent Fe. Another sample of the carbon was air-oxidized at 500F. for 16 hours and then impregnated to give 6 percent Fe. Both catalysts were preconditioned for 2 hrs. at 600F. in N atmosphere, treated with triethyl aluminum (20 percent solution), then fixed in hydrogen for 1 hour at 400F. Benzene hydrogenation activities were as follows for these catalysts.

Hydrogenation Activity,

Benzene mol./hr./gm. Fe Hydrogenation Carbon Base Not Carbon Base Temperature,F. Preoxidized Preoxidized EXAMPLE 26 A titania gel base having a surface area of 106 sq. meters/gm. was determined to have a hydroxyl group content of 0.24 millimols/gm. as described in Example 1. This base grams) was impregnated with a solution prepared by dissolving 17 grns. FeCl .6H O in sufficient water to give 65 cc. of solution. Essentially all the solution was absorbed and the iron content of the catalyst was 3.2 wt. percent after drying in the vacuum oven.

A 50 cc. portion of the catalyst was activated as follows: (a) preconditioned at 600F. for 2 hours in a flow of dry nitrogen; (b) treated with an excess of 20 percent AlEt solutionmaximum temperature was 192F.; and (3) fixation in hydrogen for 1 hour at 400F.

The activated catalyst (56.4 grns.) was charged with 250 cc. of benzene to the stirred autoclave and a hydrogenation test carried out at 212F. and 600 psig H pressure. The hydrogenation was complete in 1- /2 hours and the catalytic activity calculated to be 1.03 mol./hr./gm. Fe.

EXAMPLE 27 The iron catalyst containing 3.2 percent Fe derived from iron nitrate on the alcoholate alumina base was activated with diethyl zinc and triethyl boron in comparison with triethyl aluminum. The catalyst preconditioning activation and fixation conditions and hydrogenation activities were as shown in the table below:

A catalyst having a very low nickel concentration (0.6 Wt. percent Ni) was prepared by impregnating the alcoholate alumina base with an aqueous solution of nickelous acetate. Hydrogenation activities for activation with hydrogen alone and by the method of this invention are compared in the table.

The noble metals of Group VIII are also converted to highly active and stable catalyst by the technique of this invention. However, the noble metals, because of cost and activity considerations, are generally used in very low concentrations, e.g., 0.1-1.0 percent, on the support. With the usual supports, this results in very high alkyl metal-to-noble metal molar ratios (e.g., /1 to 100/1). Under such conditions and at mild fixation severity, the noble metal may be overwhelmed or buried by the alkyl metal resulting in low catalyst activity. But it has been found that at very severe fixation conditions this effect is overcome and highly active and extremely stable catalysts result.

A 0.6 percent platinum on alcoholate alumina was prepared by impregnation with aqueous chloroplatinic acid. The activity of this catalyst at several severities of hydrogen activation was as follows:

The decreasing activity with increasing severity of hydrogen reduction is attributed to growth of larger crystallites of platinum metal. It was, however, not possible to detect this by X-ray at this low platinum concentration.

Example 29D 29E 29F 29G Catalyst 06% Pt on Alcoholate Alumina AlEt Treat Standard Fixation (H Atm.)

Temp., F. 400 800 1200 1200 Time, Hrs. 1 2.5 16 32 Time, Hrs. to Compl. 53 15.8 1.6 0.67 ABS Hlypro. Act. mol/hr./

Here it is noted that the activity of the catalyst is increasing with increasing hydrogen fixation severity and that the low activity characteristic of mild fixation (Example 29D) is completely overcome. The extreme stability of the catalyst of Example 296 is typical of noble metal catalysts activated by the methods of this invention. An equivalent time-temperature exposure in hydrogen activation (or reactions with hydrogen) would give a predicted activity in the range of 5-7 m0l/hr./gm. Pt.

EXAMPLE 30 A molybdenum catalyst containing 13 wt. percent M00 was prepared by impregnating 200 grams of the alcoholate alumina base with a solution of 38 grams ammonium molybdate (82 percent M00 dissolved in cc. water. All liquid was absorbed and the catalyst was dried in the vacuum oven.

A 50 cc. portion of this catalyst was charged to the quartz tube and heated in a flow of dry nitrogen at 800F. for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the catalyst was treated with 20 percent triethyl aluminum giving a transient maximum temperature of F. After one hour, the liquid was withdrawn and the catalyst was fixed in hydrogen at 400F. for l- /2 hours.

Thirty-nine grams of the activated catalyst and 250 cc. of benzene were charged to a stirred autoclave and a hydrogenation was carried out at 212F. and 600 psig H pressure. The reaction was complete in 3 hours and the calculated rate of hydrogenation was 0.28 mol benzene hydrogenated per hour per gram of molybdenum.

EXAMPLE 3 1 In the data tabulated below, the 13 percent M00 on alcoholate alumina catalyst is used to show the effects of 1. Hydrogen activation vs. the activation method of this invention.

2. Increasing severity of fixation in a hydrogen atmosphere.

3. Fixation in hydrogen compared to fixation in nitrogen at high severity.

4. The activation method of this invention in inhibiting formation of large crystallites of transition metals (free metals).

Example 31A 31B 31C 31D 31E 31F Cat. Activation AlEt; Treat None Standard Treat Fixation Atmosphere H drogen Nitrogen Temp, F. 1200 1200 900 1200 800 Time, Hrs. 16 44 l 16 16 16 His. to Completion 69 91 3.3 1.83 1.60 6.6 Abs. Hydro. Act. 0.012 0.0096 0.27 0.42 0.53 0.12 Rel. Mo Metal 0.69 1.00 0.000 0.036 0.012

"" Catalyst heated at 800F. in N flow for 2 hours, cooled, treated with an excess of 20% AlEt, at room temperature. Mols benzene hydrogenated per hour per gram of metal.

By x-ray diffraction, relative values based on most severely reduced catalyst 1.00.

Examples 31C, D and E show the effects of increasmole of benzene hydrogenated per hour per gram of ing severity of fixation in the presence of hydrogen. l5 tun t E l 31C, D d E, i comparison i h E Another run made with the same catalyst at 260F. ples 31A and B, ShOW the activation method of this ingave a hydrogenation rate of mol/hr-/gmof tungvention in comparison with hydrogen activation. The Sten- X-ray diffraction data for these runs show how the EXAMP technique of this mventlon stabilizes the active cata- LE 33 lytic species in a very stable, highly dispersed form. The results tabulated below were obtained with two Examples 31D and F show the effects of fixation in tungsten catalysts on alcoholate type alumina having nitrogen compared to fixation in hydrogen and that the respective tungsten concentrations of 27 percent W0 presence of hydrogen during fixation results in a signifiand 9 percent W0 These results will show the effects cant increase in the hydrogenation activity of the cata- 0f the Concentration of the transition metal, in this lyst. case, tungsten.

Example 33A 33B 33C 33D 33E 33F WO conc.,

wt. 7c 27 27 27 9 9 9 Activation AlEt- Treat None Standard None Standard Fixation (H Temp, F. 1200 400 1200 1200 400 1200 Time, Hrs. 16 l 16 16 1 16 Hrs. to Compl. 153 3.6 77 1000 5.6 5.7 Abs. Hydro. Act.,

Mol/hr./gm. W 0.0017 0.057 0.0028 0.0001 0.18 0.18

X-Ray Eval. Most W No W metal, No W No W No metal cryst. ssimetal metal cryst. also forms 1y W0 Eossh less f011'11 W02 & of W 8L W30. le W02 of W W 0 metal small than metal W WO or conc. Ex.33D or EW O oxides. W0 oxides.

EXAMPLE 32 Examples 33A, B and C with the high tungsten concentration show that the AlEt activated, hydrogen A Catalyst comgmmg abqut 10 percent tungsten fixed catalyst (Example 338) is more than times as was prepared by lmpregnatmg 200 gms. of alcoholate active as the catalyst activated by hydrogen (Example type alumina with an aqueous solution prepared by dis- S M 31 rams of ammonium meta tun State in 50 33A). However, this catalyst 15 unstable at higher se- 0 ng g g verity hydrogen fixation. The Al/W ratio (A1 from water Sohmon was taken AlEt is insufficient to stabilize this amount of t n i A 50 cc. portion of the above catalyst was changed Sten 3 u to i e.lecmcany quartz tube and heated at The Al/W ratio is much more favorable at the 9% 850 F. in a flow of dry nitrogen for 3 hours.

55 W0 concentration and most of the tungsten 1S stabi- After cooling to room temperature, the catalyst bed fl d d f th b ttom with a 20 ercent Solution lized, does not undergo crystallite growth, and activity 8 Iron} e 9 h tane g tem erature remains constant as fixation severity is increased (com- 0 y a ummum ep p pare Example 33F with Example 33E). rose translently to F. and much gas was evolved.

After 30 minutes the solution was drained off and the 0 EXAMPLE 34 catalyst was then heated in nitrogen at 400420F. for one hour.

Forty grams of the above catalyst and 250 cc. benzene were charged to a stirred autoclave and a hydrogenation was carried out at 212F. and 600 psig H 6 Results obtained at a still lower tungsten concentration (6% W0 on the alcoholate alumina base) show a striking enhancement in activity as fixation severity is increased.

This catalyst, when given the standard AlEt activation (as in Example 33) and fixed in hydrogen for 1 hour at 400F., had a benzene hydrogenation activity of mollhril gm. same catalyst was then placed back in the activation tube and given an additional fixation of 16 hours at 1,200F. in hydrogen. This catalyst then showed an activity of 0.71 mol/hr./gm. W. This high activity is now completely stabilized.

EXAMPLE 35 A catalyst was prepared by impregnating 200 gms. of F-l alumina with a solution of 3 ml. perrhenic acid (1.3 gms. Re/ml.) made up to 120 ml. with water. All solution was absorbed. Catalyst was dried in the vacuum oven and had a rhenium content of 2.0 wt. percent.

The quartz activation tube was charged with 55 cc. of the above catalyst and heated in a fiow of dry nitrogen at 600F. for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the catalyst bed was flooded from the bottom with a 20 percent solution of aluminum triethyl. The maximum temperature reached 210F. After 1 hour, the solution was drained off and the catalyst was fixed in hydrogen for one hour at 400F.

The stirred autoclave was charged with 51.5 gms. of the above catalyst and 250 cc. of a 20 percent solution of benzene in n-octane.

At a temperature of 260F. and a hydrogen pressure of 500 psig, the benzene was hydrogenated at a rate of 0.22 mol/hr./gm. Re.

EXAMPLE 36 A catalyst was prepared by impregnating 200 gms. F-l alumina with a solution prepared by dissolving 40 gms. C in sufficient water to give a total volume of 125 ml. All liquid was absorbed. The catalyst was dried in the vacuum oven and the chromium content was 9 wt. percent.

The catalyst (60 cc.) was activated as follows: (1) heated in air for 16 hours at 1,000F.; (2) heated in dry nitrogen for 1 hour at 1,000F.; (3) cooled to room temperature and treated with an excess of aluminum triethyl percent solution), maximum temperature reaching 240F.; and (4) finally treating in hydrogen for 2 hours at 400F.

The activated catalyst (49 gms.) was charged to the stirred autoclave with 250 cc. benzene. Hydrogenation at 300F. and 600 psig H pressure gave a measured reaction rate of 0.062 mol of benzene hydrogenated per hour per gram of chromium.

EXAMPLE 37 A catalyst was prepared by impregnating 200 gms. of alcoholate type alumina with a solution of 38 gms. ammonium vanadate dissolved in a mixture of 80 cc. of water and 60 cc. of monoethanolamine, the latter added to aid in dissolving the ammonium vanadate. After drying in the vacuum oven, the catalyst contained 7.5 percent vanadium.

The catalyst was activated as follows: (1) heated in air for 7- /2 hours at 1000F.; (2) heated in dry nitrogen for 1 hour at 800F.; (3) cooled to room temperature and treated with an excess of aluminum triethyl (20 percent solution), maximum temperature reaching 205F.; and (4) fixation in hydrogen at 400F. for 1 hour.

The activated catalyst (41 gms.) was charged to the autoclave with 250 cc. of benzene. Hydrogenation at 212F. and 600 psig H pressure gave a hydrogenation rate of 0.08 mol/hr./gm. vanadium and at 300F. and 600 psig the rate increased to 0.21 mol/hr./gm.

28 EXAMPLE 3s A catalyst containing 6 wt. percent copper was prepared by impregnating 200 gms. F-l alumina with a solution prepared by dissolving 34 gms. CuCl -2H O in sufficient water to give cc. solution. All solution was absorbed and the catalyst was dried in the vacuum oven.

The activation tube was charged with 47.2 gms. of the catalyst, the weight being determined after preconditioning the catalyst at 800F. for 2 hours in dry nitrogen. The catalyst was then activated with an excess of aluminum triethyl and fixed in hydrogen at 400F. for one hour.

The fixed catalyst was then hydrolyzed with deuterium oxide and gases evolved were collected and analyzed. The gases were principally C H D, D and HD, the latter two components amounting to 0.18 and 0.07 millimols per gram of catalyst, respectively. This amount of D corresponds to 19 percent of the cooper bonded directly to aluminum and an average of 4 mol percent hydride (based on copper) associated with the copper-aluminum complex.

This catalyst had relatively low activity for hydrogenation of benzene, the activity being determined as 0.033 mol/hr./gm. Cu at 392F. and 600 psig H pressure.

EXAMPLE 39 A catalyst containing 6 wt. percent manganese was prepared by impregnating 200 gms. of alcoholate alumina with a solution prepared by dissolving 54 gms. manganous acetate (4 H O) in sufficient water to give 225 cc. of solution. Essentially all liquid was absorbed and the catalyst was dried in the vacuum oven.

A 50 cc. portion of the catalyst was placed in the heated quartz tube and preconditioned at 800F. in a flow of dry nitrogen for 2 hours. The temperature was then reduced to 400F. and aluminum triethyl (20 percent) solution was added dropwise over a period of one hour. The temperature maximum was 565F. After one hour the alkyl solution was cut off and the catalyst was fixed at 400F. in a stream of dry hydrogen.

Thirty-six grams of the activated catalyst was charged to the stirred autoclave with 250 cc. benzene. At 392F. and 600 psig H pressure, the hydrogenation rate was 0.015 mol/hr./gm. Mn.

EXAMPLE 40 A catalyst containing about 7 wt. percent nickel was prepared by three consecutive impregnations of 500 gms. F-l alumina with solutions containing 50 gms. nickel acetate (.4H O) in sufficient water to give 250 cc solution. The catalyst was dried in the vacuum oven between impregnations.

The activation tube was charged with 50 cc. of this catalyst which was preconditioned by heating at 800F. for 2 hours in a flow of dry nitrogen. After cooling to room temperature, the catalyst was treated with an excess of a 20 percent solution of diethyl aluminum fluoride in n-heptane. After standing for about 1 hour, ths solution was drawn off and the catalyst was fixed in a flow of dry nitrogen at 400F. for 1 hour. The catalyst was analyzed and contained 6.4 percent nickel and 2.5 percent fluorine.

The stirred autoclave was charged with 43.4 gms. of the above activated catalyst and 250 cc. of benzene and a hydrogenation reaction was carried out at 212F. and 600 psig H pressure. The hydrogenation rate of the benzene was 0.39 mol/hr./gm. Ni.

7 29 EXAMPLE 41 The following example demonstrates the effectiveness of the reactivation process of the subject invention. A catalyst containing about 10 wt. percent tungsten, based on total weight of catalyst, on alcoholate alumina was prepared by impregnating the alumina base with an aqueous solution of ammonium meta tungstate and drying in a vacuum oven. The catalyst was activated as follows:

Fifty cc of the catalyst was charged to a quartz tube and heated in a stream of dry nitrogen for two hours and cooled under nitrogen. The tube and catalyst bed were then flooded from the bottom with a percent solution of triethyl aluminum in n-heptane. A vigorous reaction occurred with considerable gas liberation and the temperature rose from room temperature to about 190F. After the reaction subsided the solution was withdrawn. The catalyst was subsequently fixed by heating in a flow of dry hydrogen at 400F. for one hour and then cooled under dry nitrogen.

The catalyst as prepared above was charged to a 1- liter stirred autoclave with 250 cc of benzene and a hydrogenation reaction conducted at 212F. and 500-600 pounds of hydrogen pressure. The hydrogenation of the benzene followed zero order kinetics. After the reaction was substantially complete, the liquid product was withdrawn from the autoclave and a fresh charge of 250 cc of benzene introduced therein. Additional cyclic batch hydrogenation runs were carried out in the same manner. Catalyst deactivation was determined by the change in rate constant with cycles of operation at 212F. Typical results are shown below:

ZERO ORDER RATE CONSTANT After the fourth cycle, the catalyst was placed back in the quartz tube and treated at 600F. for one hour in a flow of dry hydrogen. The regenerated catalyst was charged to the autoclave with a fresh 250 cc charge of benzene. A hydrogenation rate constant of 22.7 was determined at 212F. and 500-600 psi hydrogen pressure, indicating that the catalyst had been regenerated to very near its initial activity.

What is claimed is:

1. A process for the hydrogenation of a feed containing cyclododecatriene comprising the steps of:

forming a catalyst by impregnating a support containing at least about 0.1

millimole of hydroxyl groups per gram of support, said support comprising alumina with an aqueous solution of a transition metal salt comprising nickel acetate;

heat treating the impregnated support at a temperature of at least about 500F;

activating the heat-treated impregnated support by contacting same with an organometallic compound having the formula: QR wherein Q is selected from Group 1, ll or ill metals of the Periodic Chart of the Elements, R is selected from the group consisting of hydride and alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl radicals containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and wherein n ranges from 1 to 3 and satisfies the valence of Q;

treating the activated supported metal complex in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature of at least about 300F.;

and thereafter contacting said catalyst with said feed in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, thereby producing a hydrogenation reaction.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation reaction is conducted at a temperature in the range of from about 0 to about l,000F. and at a pressure ranging between about 1 and 50 atmospheres.

3. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is at least partially deactivated as a result of contacting same with said feed in the hydrogenation reaction, and where said deactivated catalyst is at least partially reactivated by treatment of same at elevated temperature in the presence of a stripping gas.

4. The process of claim 3 wherein said stripping gas is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitrogen and methane.

5. The process of claim 4 wherein said stripping gas is hydrogen.

6. The process of claim 3 wherein said elevated temperatures range between about 200 to 1,200F.

7. The process of claim 3 wherein the space velocity of the stripping gas ranges from about to about 25,000 volumes of gas per volume of catalyst per hours.

8. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is at least partially deactivated as a result of contacting same with said feed in the hydrogenation reaction, and where said deactivated catalyst is at least partially regenerated by (l) oxidizing same with air and (2) reactivating by contacting said oxidized catalyst with a trialkyl aluminum compound wherein the alkyl group contains from l to about 6 carbon atoms.

9. The process of claim 1 wherein Q has an atomic number of from 3 to 50, and wherein OR, is a trialkyl aluminum compound.

10. The process of claim 1 wherein the activated supported metal complex is treated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature above about 800F.

11. The process of claim 1 wherein the amount of transition metal impregnated on the support is in the range of from about 0.1 percent to about 30 percent based on total weight of deposited equivalent metal and support.

12. The process of claim 1 wherein said alumina support has a surface area greater than about 100 square meters per gram of support and a hydroxyl content of at least one millimole per gram of support.

13. The process of claim 12 wherein said impregnated support is heat-treated at a temperature of about 800F.

14. The process of claim 12 wherein said heat-treated impregnated support is activating by contacting same with an organometallic compound comprising aluminum triethyl and wherein the activated supported metal complex is treated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature of at least about 400F.

15. The process of claim 14 wherein the aluminum triethyl is present in a paraffinic diluent in a concentration of about 20 wt. percent aluminum triethyl in the diluent.

16. The process of claim 1 wherein said impregnated support is heat-treated at a temperature ranging between about 600 and 1500F. in order to remove liquid and adsorbed oxygen therefrom. 

1. A PROCESS FOR THE HYDROGENATION OF A FEED CONTAINING CYCLODODECATRIENE COMPRISING THE STEPS OF: FORMING A CATALYST BY IMPREGNATING A SUPPORT CONTAINING AT LEAST ABOUT 0.1 MILLIMOLE OF HYDROXYL GROUPS PER GRAM OF SUPPORT, SAID SUPPORT COMPRISING ALUMINA WITH AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF A TRANSITION METAL SALT COMPRISING NICKEL ACETATE; HEAT TREATING THE IMPREGNATED SUPPORT AT A TEMPERATURE OF AT LEAST ABOUT 500*F; ACTIVATING THE HEAT-TREATED IMPREGNATED SUPPORT BY CONTACTING SAME WITH AN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND HAVING THE FORMULA: QRN, WHEREIN Q IS SELECTED FROM GROUP I, II OR III METALS OF THE PERIODIC CHART OF THE ELEMENTS, R IS SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDRIDE AND ALKYL, ARYL, ALKARYL, ARALKYL AND CYCLOALKYL RADICALS CONTAINING FROM 1 TO ABOUT 20 CARBON ATOMS AND WHEREIN N RANGES FROM 1 TO 3 AND SATISIFES THE VALENCE OF Q; TREATING THE ACTIVATED SUPPORTED METAL COMPLEX IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN AT A TEMPERATURE OF AT LEAST ABOUT 300*F.; AND THEREAFTER CONTACTING SAID CATALYST WITH SAID FEED IN THE PRESENCE OF A HYDROGEN-CONTAINING GAS, THEREBY PRODUCING A HYDROGENATION REACTION.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation reaction is conducted at a temperature in the range of from about 0* to about 1,000*F. and at a pressure ranging between about 1 and 50 atmospheres.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is at least partially deactivated as a result of contacting same with said feed in the hydrogenation reaction, and where said deactivated catalyst is at least partially reactivated by treatment of same at elevated temperature in the presence of a stripping gas.
 4. The process of claim 3 wherein said stripping gas is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitrogen and methane.
 5. The process of claim 4 wherein said stripping gas is hydrogen.
 6. The process of claim 3 wherein said elevated temperatures range between about 200* to 1,200*F.
 7. The process of claim 3 wherein the space velocity of the stripping gas ranges from about 100 to about 25,000 volumes of gas per volume of catalyst per hours.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is at least partially deactivated as a result of contacting same with said feed in the hydrogenation reaction, and where said deactivated catalyst is at least partially regenerated by (1) oxidizing same with air and (2) reactivating by contacting said oxidized catalyst with a trialkyl aluminum compound wherein the alkyl group contains from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein Q has an atomic number of from 3 to 50, and wherein QRn is a trialkyl aluminum compound.
 10. The process of claim 1 wherein the activated supported metal complex is treated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature above about 800*F.
 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the amount of transition metal impregnated on the support is in the range of from about 0.1 percent to about 30 percent based on total weight of deposited equivalent metal and support.
 12. The process of claim 1 wherein said alumina support has a surface area greater than about 100 square meters per gram of support and a hydroxyl content of at least one millimole per gram of support.
 13. The process of claim 12 wherein said impregnated support is heat-treated at a temperature of about 800*F.
 14. The process of claim 12 wherein said heat-treated impregnated suppOrt is activating by contacting same with an organometallic compound comprising aluminum triethyl and wherein the activated supported metal complex is treated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature of at least about 400*F.
 15. The process of claim 14 wherein the aluminum triethyl is present in a paraffinic diluent in a concentration of about 20 wt. percent aluminum triethyl in the diluent.
 16. The process of claim 1 wherein said impregnated support is heat-treated at a temperature ranging between about 600* and 1500*F. in order to remove liquid and adsorbed oxygen therefrom. 